PREDICTION OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES IN PREGNANCY FAILURE: THE ROLE OF SOD1 AND CAT GENE POLYMORPHISMS (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Relevance. Abortion and gestational diabetes are among the most pressing issues in modern obstetrics and perinatology, significantly impacting women's reproductive health and perinatal outcomes. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the molecular-genetic mechanisms underlying the development of these pathological conditions. Evidence is accumulating that antioxidant protection disorders caused by SOD1 and CAT gene polymor­phisms can contribute to the development of oxidative stress, placental dysfunction, and unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. However, information regarding the role of these genetic factors in the combination of gestational diabe­tes and miscarriage remains limited and requires systematization.

The aim of the review is to analyze modern domestic and foreign literature data on the relationship between gestational diabetes, miscarriage, oxidative stress, and SOD1 and CAT gene polymorphisms, as well as to evaluate the prospects for their use in personalized prediction of pregnancy complications.

Materials and methods. An analytical review of domestic and foreign scientific publications dedicated to the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes, miscarriage, oxidative stress, and the molecular-genetic mechanisms of antiox­idant protection was conducted. The analysis incorporates clinical recommendations from international professional organizations, results of fundamental and clinical studies, as well as modern systematic reviews and meta-analyses published primarily between 2005 and 2025.

Results. Literature analysis has shown that gestational diabetes is accompanied by the development of chronic inflammation, endotelial dysfunction, impaired placental processes, and pronounced oxidative stress, which increases the risk of miscarriage and other adverse perinatal outcomes. It has been established that polymorphisms of the SOD1 and CAT genes can alter the activity of antioxidant system enzymes, determining individual susceptibility to the development of metabolic disorders and placental insufficiency. At the same time, studies dedicated to the compre­hensive assessment of these genetic variants in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and miscarriage remain few and the results obtained are ambiguous.

Conclusion. Modern literature data indicate the prospects for using SOD1 and CAT gene polymorphisms as potential molecular genetic markers for personalized prognosis of gestational diabetes in pregnancy failure. Further comprehensive research will improve algorithms for early diagnosis, risk stratification, and individualized manage­ment of pregnancy, which will contribute to reducing reproductive loss rates and improving maternal and perinatal outcomes.